Double Skin Facades In High Rise Building Engineering Essay

Double Skin Facades In High Rise Building Engineering Essay Abstract: Double skin faà §ade systems are increasingly used in High rise buildings across the world. It is more commonly use in high-end architecture of European and Pacific Rim countries. The growing architectural trend is driven mostly by (Poirazis,2004)1: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The reduction of energy use during the occupation stage of a building à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The aesthetic desire for a fully glazed faà §ade that leads to increased transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The practical need for improved indoor environment, lesser reliance on artificial plant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The need for improving the acoustic performance of buildings located in noise polluted areas 1. Poirazis, Harris. (2004). Double Skin Facades for Office Buildings, Literature Review, Lund Institute of Technology Web address: http://www.ebd.lth.se/avd%20ebd/main/personal/Project%20home%20page/main/publications/LITERATURE.pdf This essay attempts to study the Classification of Double Skin Facades, its advantages and disadvantages, and discuss on its application in high rise building and evaluate the benefits and limitations. Introduction The Double Skin Faà §ade is an envelope construction covering one or multiple storey, which consists of two pieces transparent glass layers separated by a intermediate cavity. Air ventilation strategy can be take place through the intake and air outlet on the external glazing. In the cavity, sun-shading louvers and thermal insulation devices are sometime installed to control the solar heat gain to improve the indoor environment. The BBRI, (BBRI, 2002) includes in the Source book a satisfactory description of the structure of a Double Skin Faà §ade System.The layers of the faà §ade are described below2: 2. Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI) (2002). Source book for a better understanding of conceptual and operational aspects of active facades. Department of Building Physics, Indoor Climate and Building Services, Belgian Building Research Institute. Version no 1. Web address: http://www.bbri.be/activefacades/index2.html à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exterior Glazing: Usually it is a hardened single glazing. This exterior faà §ade can be fully glazed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interior glazing: Insulating double glazing unit (clear, low E coating, solar control glazing, etc can be used). Almost always this layer is not completely glazed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The air cavity between the two panes. It can be totally natural, fan supported or mechanically ventilated. The width of the cavity can vary between 200 mm to more than 2m according to the function of the applied concept. This width influence the way that the faà §ade is maintained. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The interior window can be opened by the user. This may allow natural ventilation of the offices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatically controlled solar shading is integrated inside the air cavity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As a function of the faà §ade concept and of the glazing type, heating radiators can be installed next to the faà §ade. History of the Double Skin Faà §ade The history of Double Skin Facades can be trace back to end of 19th century. According to Saelens (2002), the early version of a mechanically ventilated multiple skin faà §ade was created around 1849. Jean-Baptiste Jobard at that time director of the industrial Museum in Brussels, mentioned how in winter hot air should be circulated between two glazing, while in summer it should be cold air. Crespo claims that a double skin curtain wall appears in 1903 in the Steiff Factory in Giengen, Germany. It is possibly the prototype of, at least, is more close to the modern double skin faà §ade system. She describes that: The priorities were to maximize daylighting while taking into account the cold weather and the strong winds of the region. The solution was a three storey structure with a ground floor for storage space and two upper floors used for work areas. The building was a success and two additions were built in 1904 and 1908 with the same Double Skin system, but using timber instead of steel in the structure for budget reasons. All buildings are still in use. Moving to the 20th century, with improved technology meant that the size and number of openings were no longer limited by structural considerations of the past. large glazed facade are able to construct but it is still very much limited by building physics and experiencing thermal comfort. At that time, fully glazed buildings have problem of summer overheating and heat losses and problematic condensation, lots of energy is used by mechanical plant in the operation state of the building. The outbreak of oil crises in 1973 1979 bring greater awareness on energy consumption. Innovative improvements on insulating glazing such as the addition of low-emissivity coatings and inert gas filled cavities were made. In the1990s a further breakthrough on insulation glazing was achieved with the development of spectrally selective glazing, electro-chromic and photo-chromic glazing. However, these products are unlikely available in short run as they are expensive. In contrast, double skin facades offer us a cheaper and more flexible way of achieving comfortable internal environment through a combined system of components, allowing the regulation of heat, cold, light noise with low energy consumption. Classification of Double Skin Facades There are numerous way of classification on Double Skin Faà §ade due to the variation in type of construction, the origin, destination and type of the air flow in the cavity, etc. Battle McCarthy, the Environmental Engineering firm in Great Britain created a categorization of five primary types (plus sub-classifications) based on commonalities of faà §ade configuration and the manner of operation. 3 These are: 3. Battle McCarthy website. http://www.battlemccarthy.demon.co.uk/research/doubleskin/doubleskinhomepage.htm Category A: Sealed Inner Skin: subdivided into mechanically ventilated cavity with controlled flue intake versus a ventilated and serviced thermal flue. Category B: Openable Inner and Outer Skins: subdivided into single story cavity height versus full building cavity height. Category C: Openable Inner Skin with mechanically ventilated cavity with controlled flue intake Category D: Sealed Cavity, either zoned floor by floor or with a full height cavity. Category E: Acoustic Barrier with either a massive exterior envelope or a lightweight exterior envelope. Belgian Building Research Institute Study (BBRI, 2002) investigate the potential of active facades, the related problems and risks in order to devise guidance in standardisation and technical approvals. They developed a classification system to describe different double-skin faà §ade configurations based on a database of case-studies2. 2. Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI) (2002). Source book for a better understanding of conceptual and operational aspects of active facades. Department of Building Physics, Indoor Climate and Building Services, Belgian Building Research Institute. Version no 1. Web address: http://www.bbri.be/activefacades/index2.html One storey height facade The air cavity is divided horizontally and vertically into small and independent facade modules. Naturally ventilated double facades with one storey height facade modules are also known as a Box window type. Corridor facade Corridor facade is divided at every storey, the cavity is going horizontally along the building. Partition is used for acoustical, fire security or ventilation reasons. Multiple storey facades Multiple storey facades are not divided vertically or horizontally. The air cavity continues throughout the whole facade with maintenance grids at the every level to allowing circulation. The air cavity ventilation is realised via large openings near the floor and the roof of the building. Shaft-box facades Shaft box facades are very similar in nature to the one-storey height module. A series of box type window modules in the facade which are connected via vertical shafts. Air are being drawn from the box windows by stack effect into the vertical shafts and emitted from top. Advantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade The passive design strategies of double skin faà §ade bring natural ventilation, day lighting and solar heat gain into the fabric of the high-rise building, thus bringing energy efficiency and comfort to the inhabitant. Natural Ventilation: One of the main advantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade system is that it allows the inhabitant access to natural ventilation with protection against the weather and burglar. The cavity is a key component in the system as it allows natural fresh air to enter into the building to cool and ventilate the space. Natural ventilation is make possible even in the higher levels of a high-rise building due to the addition of extra layer of glass which helps to reduce the wind pressure. Natural ventilation of fresh air is much more preferable than air from mechanical sources as it will help to reduce the energy cost. During the hot summer nights, Double Skin Facades can also provide natural night ventilation, thus making the indoor temperatures lower during the early morning hours providing thermal comfort and improved air quality for the office occupants. In this way lesser energy is use in air-conditioning thus reducing the CO2 output of the building. Day lighting: Day lighting is important element in the design of High rise building as it reduces the energy consumption of electrical lightings. Moreover, the quality of natural lighting is preferable to electrical lighting. The large area of glazing coverage in double skin faà §ade maximises the daylighting into the space. Good lighting of the workplace is one of the main factors of indoor comfort that can positively influence health and productivity of office personnel. Natural light, its variations and its spectral composition are of great importance for well-being and mental health. Natural light is a fundamental component of our life, helping our body to produce vitamin D, an important anticancer element. 5 5. http://www.buildingenvelopes.org Harvard University Massachusetts Institution of Technology However, The increased coverage of glazed faà §ade brings excessive glare and heat during the hotter times. Solar shading devices are require to decrease solar heat gain and reduce the amount of glare. Thermal Insulation and Solar Heat Gain: Double Skin Faà §ade System can provide greater thermal insulation to the high rise building over the year with its outer skin. Solar heat gain is controlled through the use of shading devices and the air in cavity also help to absorb some of the incoming solar radiation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ During the winter the external layer of glass reduce the external heat transfer rate to provide improved insulation. Heat transfer rate is further reduced due to the increse in temperature when cavity is partially or completely closed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ During the summer the warm air inside the cavity can be extracted by naturally or mechanically ventilation. The airflow of the air inside the cavity is very much depend on the size of opening and temperature of the cavity. A carefully selection on the combination of the type of the glass panes and the shading devices types is very important as it prevents overheat in the cavity and the interior space and also to achieve good ventilation. In a highly glazed building, external Shading devices are use to reducing solar heat gain and heat entering into the interior. Shading devices can be fixed or operable. Operable units allow the occupant to control environment to meet their desire. They are normally installed in the outer half of Double Skin Faà §ade, typically horizontal blinds. The horizontal blind allows day lighting penetration and maintaining some of the view of outside. Acoustic insulation: Double skin faà §ade provides acoustic insulation to the building from external sources. The cavity act as air barrier to reduce the external noise pollution. A reduction of 20dB by double skin faà §ade at mid frequencies was reported by Chiang et al. (2004) 6 However, the number of openings and the type of Double Skin Faà §ade will also determine the effectiveness of the sound insulation. Chiang, W-H., Chao, Y-N. Wu, C-J., 2004, Sound Insulation of Double Skin Faà §ade http://www.ncree.org.tw/2004tcworkshop/pdf/16.pdf Transparency: Double skin facades fully glazed faà §ade bring more transparency to the building with more natural day lighting and views of exterior. For years, the Architects and the developer has always wanted a transparent building. but in the same time energy efficient. Energy savings: Double Skin Faà §ades can save energy significantly. The system minimises solar loading at the perimeter of buildings, thus less electricity costs is used to cool the building. Natural ventilation also further reduces the energy used in mechanical air supply. Disadvantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade There are always debates on the benefits of the double skin system. The Pro camp claims the systems to be environmentally responsible as double skin system help to save energy cost. However the Con camp states that areas such as maintenance, life-cycle/durability of the system, mechanical costs and operation cost also need to take into account. The disadvantages of Double Skin Faà §ade are described below: Higher construction and additional maintenance costs: Comparing the Double Skin facade and the conventional cladding systems. Double Skin facade has higher construction costs due to the additional construction cost of the outer layer, mechanical and supporting structure. It also require higher skill workman. With the additional layer of skin, the weight of the buildings structure loading is also increase, so as the construction cost of the building. Double Skin type also has higher cost during the operation of the building. More costs will be added in maintenance such as cleaning, servicing. Reduction of rentable office space: As the width of the intermediate cavity of Double Skin Faà §ade can vary from 20 cm to several meters (Uuttu, 2001), this results to the loss of useful space and rental. It is quite important to find the optimum depth of the faà §ade so as not to lose valuable space. Overheating problems: If the Double Skin Faà §ade system is not properly designed. The temperature of air in the cavity will likely to be increased in the hot summer days and resulting in overheating of the interior space. To avoid overheating, the minimum width between the internal and external pane should not be less than 200 mm (Jager,2003) Double Skin Faà §ades in High-Rise Buildings: High-rise office tower with fully glaze facade is a major consumer of energy. However, double skin faà §ades passive energy concepts and design strategies have increased the potential of high-rise building to come closer with sustainable architecture. In terms of climatic control, double skin faà §ades allow the occupants to take better control of internal environment. The heating and lighting requirements could be adjusted according to occupants needs by controlling the operable windows for natural ventilation and the shading device to modify the incoming solar radiation. The GSW Headquarters building is a good example of architecture that uses double skin faà §ade to achieve sustainability (Note: Plan image north is down) Image from Flickr: Uploaded by  runningforasthma The plan demonstrates how the new 515,000 sf connects to the existing  building with the new core leaving a 36 foot clear lease span. This depth with the large glass area results in excellent daylighting characteristics. Building Name GSW Headquarters Architect Sauerbruch Hutton Location Berlin GSW Headquarters consists of existing tower, three-story street-oriented bar, and new 22-storey, 11-m wide office tower building, which is the most important aspect to present the sustainable concept. In response to urban and functional conditions, the major axis of the building faces east and west, a double skin is provided on the west faà §ade: a single-glazed weather screen suspended 1m from the internal double pane windows, which acts a thermal buffer to protect heat loss and a thermal flue drawing air through the building. The second layer of automation is the colourful, perforated aluminium shading panels within the west double skin cavity manage solar heat gain and day lighting. The louvers also can be manually adjustable by the occupants but protects against the direct sunlight in the afternoon. On the east faà §ade, automatically and manually-operated triple-glazed windows with between-pane blinds allows fresh air enter into the building to create cross ventilation. Fresh air is also admitted independently from the window with the exterior louvered metal panels provided on the east faà §ade. In hot summer season, the operable window of the double skin facade is closed resulting in increasing of temperature inside the cavity. warm air is being channel to central plant via riser for heat recovery. Arup  who engineered the building claims the goal to achieve energy savings of 30-40% in comparison to an ordinary building. And because of the cross ventilation created by the flue effect, mechanical ventilation is no longer required 70% the year. http://www.ecorussia.info/en/ecopedia/double-skin-glass-facades Conclusions Double Skin Faà §ades are increasing incorporate into high rise building to achieving greater transparency, acceptable indoor environment as well as reducing energy consumption. Double Skin Faà §ades is the by far the only system at present that offers a range of natural ventilation strategies to the occupants. From economical point of view, Double Skin Faà §ades does not score well due to its high construction cost and additional maintenance and operational costs. However, Double Skin Faà §ades fair better when we look at social and environmental aspect. Double Skin Faà §ades provide better day lighting, solar control and access to natural ventilation, creating better working environment for the employee and increase the productivity. However Double Skin Facades are not suitable in every part of the world. They are highly depending on the outdoor conditions such as solar radiation, outdoor temperature, etc as the outside conditions have great influence on the indoor environment. Thus, each Double Skin Faà §ade has to be designed according to different constraints such as: climate condition (solar radiation, outdoor temperature, etc), site conditions (latitude, local daylight availability, atmospheric conditions, exterior obstructions, ground reflectance, etc), building usage (operating hours, occupants tasks, etc). A thorough investigates and ability to control these environmental aspects inevitably leads to increased energy efficiency.

How does the family argument in Act 3 Scene 5 add to the dramatic tension in the play? Essay

Romeo and Juliet is a tale of two star-crossed lovers written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Shakespeare successfully maintains the audiences attention and interest by creating a large amount of dramatic tension. The family argument in act 3 scene 5 could possibly have a bigger effect on the audience than other parts of the play. Thisis a play about star-crossed lovers who’s forbidden love led to their horrific death. Act 3 scene 5 presents a substantial turning point in the play. Shakespeare introduces the audience to the majority of the lead characters and also shows the audience the hatred and feud between the Capulet’s and the Montague’s. This feud does have an impact on the relationship between Romeo and Juliet. Both Romeo and Juliet belong, to one side of the feuding families, Romeo to the Montague’s and Juliet to the Capulet’s. The Montague’s and the Capulet’s feuding was the whole reason for the tragedy. They should have reconciled their differences years ago, if they had done this, maybe there children’s life’s wouldn’t have been taken. The hatred goes a while back, In the Prologue to Romeo and Juliet, the Chorus tells us of an â€Å"ancient grudge† between two households of equal dignity†. This states that the hatred between them is ancient, meaning a long time ago. It also says that both families are of equal dignity, meaning not one family is more wealthier than the other, or has a bigger house, or more land they are the same. In the 16th century it was normal for girls of a mere age of 14 such as Juliet to get married, or to have an arranged marriage, and to be very obedient to her parents. Also in high society, children were often raised by a ‘wet nurse’ and did not have a strong bond with parents. This we can see is an obvious link to Juliet and her Nurse, Juliet has a stronger bond to her Nurse, than to her own mother, as we get to see later on in the play. The father was the undisputed head of the household, which Lord Capulet and Lord Montague are. Another point is a strong belief that the slightest wrong or insult must be avenged as a matter of personal pride or to protect reputation, as this again links to the two feuding families, which could link to death again another obvious link to the play, the two families lead to there children death by arguing all the time. Shakespeare was known to put themes through out his plays, Romeo and Juliet plays part to many themes and they all have a significant role in the story. Including love at first sight this was command in the 16th century if you do not fall in love when you first set eyes on each if you that that there is an immediate connection, this is classed as true love. Another theme is Hate, representing the two feuding families the Capulet’s and the Montague’s. Fate was another belief, was that your future was mapped out for you in the stars, and that you couldn’t influence your future; it’s just like reading our horoscopes really. And Loyalty some characters have certain loyalties such as the Nurse and Juliet, Friar and Romeo, as the story moves on these loyalties become hard to maintain. At the beginning of the play in Act 1 Scene 2 Lord Capulet has very different views at the beginning of the play, which contrast the later views, about marriage. In this scene as he is talking to Paris, and as Paris is asking for a proposal to Juliet. Lord Capulet’s views are â€Å" Let two more summers wither in there pride. Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride†. He is saying that Juliet is to young for marriage, and telling Paris to wait two more years and then she may be his bride. â€Å" She’s the hopeful lady of my Earth†, he is saying that Juliet means the world to him, and that he couldn’t live without her. But Capulet does something that Fathers aren’t supposed to do in this time period, which is â€Å" And she agreed, within her scope of choice, lays my consent and fair according voice†. Lord Capulet is willing to let Juliet to make her mind up about Paris, and his consent is up to Juliet’s choice. This shows that Lord Capulet is leaning towards Juliet’s views here, which shows that he cares for his daughter and that he is not forcing her into marriage, just proposing the idea. We pick up the talk about marriage again in the middle of Act 3 Scene 5 where Juliet and her Mother Lady Capulet are deep in conversation. â€Å" One who, to put thee from thy heaviness, Hath sorted out a sudden day of joy† She is saying that Juliet’s father has put out a sudden day of joy. â€Å" Marry my child, early next Thursday morn†¦shall make thee a joyful a bride†. As an audience we react these couple of lines as how can she marry to the County Paris, if she is already married to Romeo? This is called dramatic irony when the audience knows more than the characters. So Lord Capulet has totally changed his mid bout marriage, before he says saying Paris you will have to wait two more years but now he has changed it to Thursday only four days away. Then Juliet responds â€Å" †¦ He shall not make me there a joyful bride†¦I wonder at this haste, that I must wed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ere he that should be husband comes to woo†. Juliet is astonished at why she has got to marry so fast, and she’s saying well shouldn’t he come and win my heart and get to know me before I accept? â€Å" It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate, Rather than Paris. These are news indeed†. Even though Juliet is saying that she would rather get married to Romeo, we know that she all ready is, and that she doesn’t hate him at all, she loves him. Then Lord Capulet and the Nurse enter the room â€Å" How now, a conduit girl? What, still in tears? Lord Capulet is being a concerned, caring and affectionate father now, but this soon changes. As Lord Capulet asks his wife about how as she taken the news, Lady Capulet says she no but says thank you. Juliet speaks â€Å" Not proud you have, but thankful that you have†. à ¢â‚¬Å" But thankful even for the hate that is meant love†. Then Lord Capulet answers how dare you disobey me, spoilt brat, if you don’t go I will drag you there myself. He even calls her a â€Å"sickness-carrions meaning rotten meat, baggage, and tallow face meaning pale face. This is a total turn around from how understanding, caring he was a couple of seconds ago, and how he was saying to Paris â€Å" She’s my hopeful lady of my earth†. Now it has changed to rotten meat! Then Lord Capulet gets really angry â€Å"Hang thee, young baggage, disobedient wretch† Get yourself to the church on Thursday or never speak to me again. â€Å" My fingers itch† now he is so angry that he wants to hit her. And that she was a curse to have! The audience would probably feel sympathetic to Juliet now, because its not just that she doesn’t want to marry Paris it is the fact that she is already married, to Romeo. As this scene continues Lord Capulet is fuming with Juliet, as this scene is vital for the dramatic implications to the rest of the play. Nearing the end of this feud Juliet shouts â€Å". Or if you do not, make the bridal bed, in the dim monument where Tybalt lies†. Here Juliet is foreshadowing the future, because infact she does die. Lady Capulet then says â€Å" Talk to me not, for ill not speak a word†¦ I have done with thee†. At this moment in time, not only her father has left her, so has her mother. So then Juliet turns for to the Nurse for some advice. But the nurse’s advice is to forget about Romeo and just to marry Paris. I think that the Nurse might just be saying this because she played a role in the marriage of Romeo and Juliet so she is frightened that she might be discovered. So even though there are many loyalties through out the play, which seem to be genuine, would someone break the trust, just to save himself or herself? â€Å" Marry, I will, and this is wisely don’t† says the nurse, so the Nurse thinks that Juliet has taken her advice thinking that she is complaint and obedient. But then Juliet says â€Å" If all else fail, myself have the power to die†, this is also dramatic tension because this conversation has now brought Juliet to think about killing herself, so she doesn’t have to marry Paris. Juliet increasingly feels trapped. So she is so desperate that if the Friar won’t help herm then she sets about making the plans that will lead to her tragedy. Her father has threatened her, her mother has abandoned her, and she feels like the nurse has proved a false friend, as the nurse has always been like a Mother to her, I think that the Nurse letting her down affects her more than her own Mother letting her down. In conclusion, at the start of the play in the prologue we already know that two â€Å"star crossed lovers† are going to take their life. The term in meaning star crossed suggests that their paths were never meant to intertwine with each other and if they did it would only result in tragedy. This main argument did contribute dramatically to the final tragedy, which was Juliet taken her own life, Romeo also taking his own life. So in my opinion the two families were to blame, if they didn’t constantly hate each other maybe their children wouldn’t have dies just to be with each other.

America Experience in Nineteenth Century Essay

            During the half of nineteenth century in America, it really brought in experience to the recently happenings. Throughout this period, more individuals were trying so hard to carve out their own versions of the American dream and create their own definition on citizenship. Despite the obvious diversity of experience, most historians such as, Andrew Carnegie, Mary Church Tyrell and minor individuals argue that the mentioned experience shared commonalities are the foundation of American experience.                  Andrew Carnegie tries too hard to explain the gospel of wealth whereby he states that the rich and the poor can be tied together in harmonious relationship by proper administration of wealth. He says that the contrast between millionaires and cottage laborers currently measures change that has come with civilization. This change in wealth approves to be so beneficial and essential for the progress of the race in refinements of civilization that a house is the household for all. There is no bias in the change in the wealth since today the world obtains commodities at excellent quality prices in which the poor and the rich can enjoy with no prejudice (Andrew 23).                There is a great indifference lynching on the side of the church due to barbarism at homes (Mary 178). She pledges to the forei.gn missionary work that they should inaugurate crusades against barbarism at homes that has conformed hundreds of people into savage. This context is contrary rebellious to biblical teachings since only ignorance and lawlessness to date has led to people criticizing the effort put forth by the churches in the Negro’s behalf.                     During the times, there were wars and fight that took over so as they could get lands to settle in. they fought with the Indians, took over their properties such as, horses and cattle, and carried them away (Chief Joseph 187). The Indians were left homeless and some lost their lives during the wall. The author always prayed that the white men would live as brethren and that the case today. During the times, America was so strong and worked together for a certain goal and that is why they won the battle against the Indians.                     During the century, people in America slept in a ranch and ate cook shack most of the time. During the round up, and occasional other spells, people slept in the open and ate their chuck when squatted on their haunches around the check wagon. Besides feeding on beef and beans, they played wild games whenever the cooky took the notation or one of the waddies would decide to diverge the meat deal by going out and shooting some games (Sheldon 37).                From the past, women have been held responsible for the health of the community a function that is now represented by the health department. Certainly, the military conception to educate children so as they are equipped with kindergartens andare given a decent place for play, these things have traditionally in the hands of women (Jane 64). Most of the departments in modern cities can be traced as women’s traditional activities for example; home cleanliness and wholesome was in the hands of women but recently is represented by Bureau of Teenagers House Inspection                   Chinese people were given an appeal from the American citizens, on the pedestal fund of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty. Chinese never believed in liberty since they had a lot of hardship while the other nationalities were free (American Missionary 290). This showed inhuman since other countries enjoyed liberty but Chinese did not. Chinese loved and adored liberty but they could not allow the ones denying it to them liberty invite them to a graven image and bow to it. In assumption, from the understanding about the America experience, I concur with the shared idea since most of the history can be approved by the recently happenings. References Andrew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth, c. 1889 Chief Joseph Speech before Congress, Washington DC, 187 Mary Church Terrell, â€Å"Lynching from a Negro’s Point of View,† North American Review, 178, (1904): 853-68. Sheldon F. Gauthier. Reprinted in Jim Lanning and Judy Lanning, eds. Texas Cowboys: Jane Addams, â€Å"Women and Public Housekeeping,† 1913 American Missionary, Vol. 39 (October 1885), p. 290 Source document

Alzheimer s Disease And Its Relationship With Personality

Alzheimer’s Disease and its Relationship with Personality By: Kristen Hughes The point of this literature review is to explore the relationship that Alzheimer’s disease has with one’s personality. There are many changes that happen to a person as they age, a lot of which are considered a normal part of aging. Being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease is not one of those changes that is considered normal (Hoyer Roodin, 2009). Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia that is characterized by the progressive deterioration in both cognitive and body functions (Hoyer Roodin, 2009). Alzheimer’s disease currently has no cure, but treatments are available. Patients suffering from AD also go through changes in their personality and†¦show more content†¦There are many different ways that Alzheimer’s disease can affect your personality. Alzheimer’s patients can show more aggression as the disease progresses, and can also show less emotional control. A lot of personality changes that are seen in Alzheimerâ €™s patients are negative changes (Talassi et al., 2006). Alzheimer’s disease can also be seen to make people more paranoid. Dr. Fernando Bà ³zzola, Dr. Philip Gorelick and Dr. Sally Freels conducted a study about the changes in personality that can be seen in Alzheimer’s patients. In their study 80 Alzheimer’s patients had their personalities profiled and had their results compared to a control group. They used the Blessed Dementia Scale to conduct the personality profiles. It was found that almost all the Alzheimer’s patients showed a changes in rigidity, a relinquishment of hobbies and diminished initiative (Bà ³zzola, Gorelick, Freels, 1992). This study also used input from caregivers of the 80 patients to determine more personality changes. This is because the caregivers are around the patients the most and should be able to better identify the changes that are taking place. The results confirm that Alzheimer’s disease as an effect on a person’s personality. Another study on Alzheimer’s patients and personality changes was done by Dr. Chatterjee and colleagues, and used the caregivers of AD patients as a source of information. The study found that the Alzheimer’s patients were